From A Brief History of Iron and Steel Production

by

Professor Joseph S. Spoerl

Saint Anselm College

Ashton, T.S. Iron and Steel In the Industrial Revolution. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968.

Carnegie, Andrew. The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986.

Carnegie, Andrew. The Empire of Business. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1902. (See esp. “Steel Manufacture in the United States in the Nineteenth Century,” pp. 229-242.)

Chard, Jack. Making Iron and Steel: The Historic Processes, 1700-1900. Ringwood, NJ: North Jersey Highlands Historical Society, 1995.

Fisher, Douglas Alan. The Epic of Steel. New York: Harper and Row, 1963.

“Iron and Steel Industry.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 12. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968.

Landes, David. “Technological Change and Development in Western Europe, 1750-1914,” in Postan and Habakkuk eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume VI, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, pp. 274-601, esp. pp. 444-8 and 477-496.

Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business. HarperCollins Publishers, 1975.

Pounds, Norman J.G. The Geography of Iron and Steel. Second edition. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1963.

Rosenberg, Nathan and L.E. Birdzell, Jr. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York: Basic Books, 1986.

Stubbles, John. “The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Process.” American Iron and Steel Institute Steelworks Learning Center. http://www.steel.org/learning/howmade/bos_process.htm

Wall, Joseph Frazier. Andrew Carnegie. Second edition. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989.

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A good way to learn about the iron manufacturing process prior to its transformation in the Industrial Revolution is to visit the Saugus Iron Works, an authentic recreation of the first integrated iron works in North America (1646-1668), run by the National Park Service in Saugus, MA. http://www.nps.gov/sair AND http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/30saugus/30facts1.htm

For more information on Carnegie, see the PBS/American Experience website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/index.html

For an index of sites on iron, steel, and Carnegie: http://42explore.com/ironsteel.htm